Environmental Effects - 758 Words

In the 1970’s, the United States Environmental Protection agency began giving permits to firms that allowed a certain amount of emission. Corporations could then sell and buy the permits on the, thus establishing a market where industries with emission levels that were difficult to limit could buy permits, while corporations that could cheaply reduce their emissions sold their permits. This was the first implementation of market-based tools in reducing industrys’ environmental impact. In Europe, countries like France and Germany have tried imposing a tax on resources such as gasoline to limit corporation’s ability to create pollutants. One common flaw with this approach is that it tends to produce revenue for federal governments without†¦show more content†¦Despite events such as this one and overwhelming support from the scientific community, the idea of global warming is not universally accepted. The United States has regularly shown doubt that global warming is a legitimate concern, with Scott Pruitt, the current head of the US Environmental Protection Agency, stating that â€Å"The debate is far from settled.† in a recent Op-ed. This doubt is further illustrated by the United States’ recent announcement that they would be withdrawing from the Paris Climate Agreement. Beyond skepticism about the legitimacy of the threat of global warming, there is the issue of economic growth and stability to consider. While some of the most developed economies in the world are capable of imposing limitations on their industries, not every country has this privilege. It is the responsibility of this committee to find solutions to ever more pressing concerns about the environment, while considering the capability and willingness of every nation to aid the effort. Past UN Actions: As mentioned previously, the United Nations has passed the Paris Climate Agreement, which was the first major effort to fight global warming and its consequences that included all nations.. The United States’ intent to withdraw from the agreement may be a blow to the potential success of the agreement, but the Paris Climate Agreement continues to acts as proof that nations can come together to act in a way that benefits the well-being of theShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Sustainability And Its Effects On The Environment1590 Words   |  7 Pageshigh rates of natural resource depletion, and extinction at astronomical rates. The effect of these issues includes destruction of our trees and plants, food shortages, higher risk of natural disasters, higher risk of unclean water, and a higher risk of cancer (Environmental Problems). These obvious issues have been ravaging our earth for much too long and it is time that people begin to step up and embrace environmental sustainability . While there are groups and foundations working towards creatingRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental Forces On Yumyum Cola1020 Words   |  5 PagesHow Certain Environmental Forces Affect YumYum Cola’s Ability to Serve Its Customers Introduction This paper is aimed at identifying and highlighting the effects of environmental factors that affect YumYum Cola ability to serve its customer. This research will be focused towards the changes in political and cultural environment that can cause YumYum Cola to change its marketing strategies to hit the maximum targeted customers. The relationship between organization and environmental forces is a veryRead MoreEnvironmental Degradation And Its Effects On Our Environment1432 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation growth has also had an extreme physical impact on earth. An example of the effects of our extensiveness is, â€Å"†¦86% of the world s resources are consumed by only the wealthiest one fifth of humanity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (globalissues.org). this means that 4/5ths of the planet already has limited access to resources that are naturally found on earth. In addition to our excessive consumption of the earth natural resources, environmental degradation is the result of extreme pollut ion and wastes that have made theirRead MoreEnvironmental Impact Assessment: Identifying the Environmental Effects of a Project869 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is ‘the process of decision making by identifying the potentially significant environmental effects and risks of a project’. Environmental impact analysis is one of the stages of an EIA (Sadler and McCabe, 2002). Environmental impact analysis is a process of providing decision makers with an indication of the likely consequences of their action (Wathern, 2013). This stage comprises impact identification and determination of the significance of the impacts. ImpactRead MoreEnvironmental Degradation and Its Effect on Indian Economy3839 Words   |  16 PagesIyengar sanjay ! ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND ITS EFFECT ON INDIAN ECONOMY The environmental problems in India are growing rapidly. The increasing economic development and a rapidly growing population that has taken the country from 300 million people in 1947 to more than one billion people today is putting a strain on the environment, infrastructure, and the country’s natural resources. Industrial pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and land degradationRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Regulations On The Environment Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesenact laws upon specific environmental policies, and while power not granted to the government belongs to the state and people, I still insist that environmental regulations should be set in the hands of both state and federal government in order to assure adequate environmental protection over localized areas upon which the U.S. government has limited jurisdiction. Climate changed is caused by the warming of global temperatures due to a phenomenon known as the â€Å"greenhouse effect,† which is the entrapmentRead MoreEnvironmental Laws And Its Effects On The United States1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthe late 1700s, many Americans advocated for social justice, economic empowerment, property rights and environmental protection. Their advocacy created a national phenomenon that empowered government and policymakers to execute policies aimed at solving these problems nationwide. The government again took action to enact numerous laws, some of which became the foundation for modern environmental policy and regulations in the United States. â€Å"On the national level, the first federal action to respondRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Hormones On Public Health And The Environment1926 Words   |  8 Pages Environmental Hormone Mimics: Their Effects on Public Health and the Environment Cassandra Kaur Sheanh California State University, Fresno Abstract This paper explores three published articles that reflect the findings from studies conducted to examine the relationships between environmental hormone mimics (endocrine disruptors) and their effect on the human body. This paper specifically discusses three key environmental hormone mimics: bisphenol-A, dioxins, and pesticidesRead MoreEnvironmental Effects Of Urbanization On Shanghai And New York City1130 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison: environmental effects of urbanization in Shanghai and New York City Since the industrial revolution, many developed and developing countries have begun the process of urbanization to achieve faster development. The transformation from rural to urban brings the human beings convenience and wealth. However, in the past decade, many cities have met not only benefits but also challenges. Environmental problems continue to grow in those high-density areas. To investigate these problems andRead MoreEnvironmental Effects Of Plastics : Environmental And Environmental Impacts1083 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Impacts Production and disposal of plastic can have significant environmental and economically impacts. During production, energy and resources are wasted and toxic chemicals are released into the air. Disposal of waste causes air, soil, and land pollution and harm to wildlife. The manufacturing process of plastic produces solid waste, air emissions and waterborne emissions. The raw materials used in creating plastic are derived from oil and natural gas. These are fossil fuels, which

Ontario Student Assistance Program ( Osap ) - 1727 Words

Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP) OSAP, a program designed to benefit Ontario residents in need; they can apply to receive a Canada-Ontario integrated student loan through the Ontario Student Assistance Program or OSAP. The program was started back in the 1990’s, by the Ontario government to enable those with lower incomes to receive loans, grants and scholarships which allows them to have the ability to pay for their post secondary education. To completely understand the relationship between OSAP and Social Welfare, we must first examine what social welfare system is. A social welfare system is a program designed to provide assistance to the needy individuals and families. There are numerous types and amounts of welfare that are accessible to these individuals and families that vary depending on what country, state or region you reside in. How do the two topics, OSAP and Social welfare relate? Social welfare is a program that provides assistance to the needy; OSAP is that program to which assistance is provided. The difference between the two is that money that comes from OSAP can only be used post secondary school requirements like tuition fees, books and transportation allowance, social welfare covers other living essentials like food and a place to live. The targeted users for this program would be those entering into their post secondary education. The Ontario Student Assistance Program is open to all Ontario residents; the program was designed and created toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Preparing Our Children for Success with Education1495 Words   |  6 PagesOne thing though that you are not told when your younger is the expenses of school and saving money towards it. You are always told that you need school and you have to go to school. But never how expensive school really is in Canada especially in Ontario. As easy as it sounds to get an education to get a good job, it really is not like that there are other factors. As much as people say money is not everything, yes in some cases this is believed to be true. But the really question is, is money reallyRead MoreIntergenerational Mobility : From Sri Lanka982 Words   |  4 Pagesattaining a higher strata from a lower class in society is through education. My family, pushes me to be in the education system, as long as I can, because they believe in educational attainment. They believe that the number of years of school that students complete determines, how successful I will be. As I gain more human capital, I find myself attaining more social and cultural capital. Therefore through the function role of my family, it is easier to transcend the social stratification, and allows/allowedRead MoreObjectives Of Your Market Research Project Essay2293 Words   |  10 PagesIssue: KidSport Ontario is always exploring new opportunities to raise funds and increase the number of under-resourced children and youth who are able to participate in sport and recreation. The organization has identified the College sector (students, faculty and alumni) as a potential partner to raise additional funds. Objective: KidSport Ontario would like to identify if there is an opportunity to create a partnership with the College sector and the best fundraising program that would receiveRead MoreCurrent Unemployment And Lack Of Career Planning Essay2121 Words   |  9 Pagesclients’ families were unable to contribute additional income to help clients complete their education, in addition to clients’ OSAP funding being exhausted. There’s a number of young people who have been ill for a number of years and they’re in their 6th and 7th year of university and family is saying enough already, we can’t finance this. OSAP [Ontario Student Assistance Program] is saying no more funding. Or they just have not had a long enough period of wellness to be able to find work, make moneyRead MoreEssay on Beyond the Bean7731 Words   |  31 Pagesï » ¿Beyond the Bean (Case A) Lecturer: Authors: Name: Student number: Group: Contents Executive Summary The company’s main objective is to introduce ‘; Beyond the bean’’ to the Canadian market in London Ontario on the Richmond road and open up a cafà © for mainly students, to get together and serve as a recreational center. This will be possible through the cafà © and/or by having a variety of board games for the public. The initial approach will be to gain a market share for leveling

Fraud Control Health Institute Of Justice †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fraud Control Health Institute Of Justice? Answer: Introduction Increased number of frauds in the healthcare industry has become a major concern now days. In the year 2012, a total of $2.28 trillion was spent on health care industry to take measures against these frauds but it had no impact on the number of frauds.as per National Health Care antifraud Association (NHCAA) estimates of financial losses due to these frauds are in tens of billion dollars. Majority of the frauds are done by the internal staffs of the hospital that are well aware of the loopholes of the processes of which they make use(Piper, 2013). They are very well aware that where the company lacks behind be it a technological issue or managerial issue. In many of the cases it has been observed that whenever any exception id done for any employee it results in a fraud most of the times like in this case study, when the HR department took an exception and ignored the polies they had to bear the losses because the employee which they kept was the son of one of the senior staff and as per polies this is not allowed(Gosfield, 2005). There are three reasons in the case study due to which the fraud happened Technical- HH is a large hospital in San Francisco which consists of approx. 340 patient beds and 420 physicians and is also affiliated with the prominent university and medical school. It was founded in the year 1912 and in the year 1990 hospital started using mid-range information systems namely AS/400 and TANDEM hardware along with client/server technology and since then it has undergone minor upgrades and customization, this is one of the loop holes which can lead to fraud. When we are not moving with the marketing condition accordingly then there are chances of fraudsters to mold the obsolete softwares as per there need(Piper, 2013). In this case study it was the responsibility of Tracy downs to take care of all the files of vendors and delete the obsolete ones but she was not doing it properly and in fact when Matt Harris was promoted as permanent employee still his vendor file was not deleted due to which he was able to input the fraud data of vendors under his own vendor acco unt. And when his boss was out for vacations Matt was given the access to main safe where pre signed checks were lying and using those he forged checks(Rudman, 2009). Organizational- when we make organizational policies then they should be strictly followed because they are made keeping in mind the benefit of the welfare of the organization. In this case when there is a policy that you cannot hire a person who belongs to the blood relative of the existing staff then why Matt Harris was kept on the job and if kept then why the background verification was not done(Sparrow, 2014). Tracy Down the accounts payable manager could have prevented this fraud from happening if he doesnt override the policies made. In spite of being warned by internal auditors, she doesnt bother to listen to anyone and promoted him as a permanent employee. People- the administrative workgroup conducted a study of accounting payable department for which they had a staff of ten employees but on completing this task they suddenly realized that they now dont need two AP clerks as there is a reduction in medical supply to vendors so they decided to eliminate 2 clerks in spite of their bosses were not in favor of this elimination but they did without listening to them (Gosfield, 2005). A few months later there was again shortage so they hired Matt as a temporary clerk in AP department who later was accused of the fraud. Have they listened to their bosses they could have prevented this fraud from happening? Mr. Smith, CFO of the company was brought to the notice by Mr. Walter that Harris has been hired and it is against policies then Smith could have chosen to eliminate Harris instead of shifting him to another department, he was somewhat thought emotionally at that very moment as Harris mother was ex-employee (Klein Campbell, 2006) . Internal auditor Mr. Walter also plays an important role in this case. On doing routine checkup when he identified that Mr. Harris is a son of Sharon Harris one of their employees and it is against the rule of organizations nepotism policy and is a very sensitive issue then at that very moment he should have convinced Mr. Smith Companys CFO to take action against this matter. Later on, when Allen Walter began planning an information system fraud investigation he identified that a possible fraud has occurred and he notified all the departments about this but the mistake which he made was he didnt follow up (Powderly, 2015). There could have been a systematic plan made on implementing which such frauds could be prevented. There should be a department head for every department and he should be responsible for all the workings of that department and the only HR should be responsible for hiring employees and that too with checking all the necessary information(Rudman, 2009). Whenever any manager goes for a sudden leave then work should be delegated to the manager of the same level and that too within the dual custody and one person should be responsible only for one task. Major responsibilities and the charge should be given only to senior employees who are old in the system not to new employees. Internal auditors must do a routine checkup fortnightly and if they found any loop whole in the system. Then it should be directly reported to the department manager and CFO of the company and immediate action must be taken.organisation policies must be reviewed every year and all the technology must be updated with the time so that security standards are maintained and no one can try to override(Gosfield, 2005). Later on, when the fraud was detected only then the finance and accounts department took the auditors comment seriously if these problems were rectified earlier they do not have to suffer a loss of $80,000. It should become a practice for both the departments as well as auditors to review the comments and rectify the same at the earliest(Klein Campbell, 2006). There are few ethical dilemmas in this case which could have saved company from this loss like in case when Mr. Smith, CFO of the company was brought in notice by Mr. Walter that Harris has been hired and it is against policies then Smith could have chosen to eliminate Harris instead of shifting him to another department, he was somewhat thought emotionally at that very moment as Harris mother was ex-employee(Piper, 2013) Conclusion This case has many loop holes of which the employee took advantage and did the fraud. There are many risks associated with the case. This shows that how can a well-designed information system can be hacked and taken advantage of. a systematic plan made on implementing which such frauds could be prevented(Powderly, 2015). There should be a department head for every department and he should be responsible for all the workings of that department and the only HR should be responsible for hiring employees and that too with checking all the necessary information. Another thing is that companys do make policies for the benefit of the employees and welfare of the organization but the top management itself does not follow them sometimes or follow at their own discretion and finally it can be seen that how the internal auditors can work together with other departments to identify the issues and get them sorted out if worked well. References Gosfield, A. G., 2005. The hifdeen cost of free Lunches: Fraud and abuse in physician Pharmaceutical Arrangements.. Medical Practice Management , 3(10), pp. 253-258. Klein, R. D. Campbell, S., 2006. Health Care Fraud and Abuse Laws. Archives of Pathology Laboratory Medicine: , 130(8), pp. 1169-1177. Piper, C., 2013. 10 popular health care provider fraud schemes. Faraud Magazine , pp. 2-5. Powderly, H., 2015. Biggest healthcare frauds in 2015: Running list. Health care Finance, 3(6), pp. 10-15. Rudman, W. J., 2009. Healthcare Fraud and Abuse. Online research Journal , 6(2), pp. 3-5. Sparrow, M. K., 2014. Fraud Control in the Health Care. National Institute of Justice, 2(3), pp. 5-10.

Sons of liberty free essay sample

The Sons of Liberty used their power and influence to manipulate popular opinion, thereby inciting the public to act against the laws and control of England. They were one of the most influential groups behind the American Revolution. The start of the Sons of Liberty is something off mystery. The group always met in secret and it is disputed where it all began. Some say it started in New York and some will say under the leadership of Samuel Adams the Boston chapter was first.One thing is certain though, they all had the same goal, to organize public opinion and coordinate patriotic actions against Great Britain. The Sons of Liberty met at night so not to attract the British soldiers and to keep their activities secret until they felt it was time to make them public. One of the main reasons the groups were started was to protest and campaign against the Stamp Act. That was just the start of what the group would protest against and continue to fight for liberty against Britain.The Sons of Liberty name actually came from a speech given to parliament by Colonel Isaac Bare, the behavior of Britains officials toward Americans on any occasions has caused the blood of those Sons of Liberty to recoil within theml, which wasnt intended to imply disloyalty towards the crown but when word got back to the colonies and they saw his words they used them to their benefit. Bare made it known he thought it was ridiculous Americans owed Britain any money and the debt they now had from the Seven Years War was Britains responsibility.Britain, however, was still moving forward with the Stamp Act. Parliament was passing the measure to promote imperial security and prosperity throughout the colonies. Many colonists greed with Bare and when word came back that Britain was in fact following through with the tax, the Sons of Liberty started to get stronger. There were meeting throughout the colonies, one of the key meetings happening in New York. Sons of Liberty members, John Lamb, Gresham Motto, Isaac Sears, Thomas Robinson, and William Wiley were appointed a Committee of Correspondence.Newspapers and writings were important to the groups cause and the goal was to let printers and publishers know to stay open and not pay the tax on paper and they would have support behind them. Some till closed when the tax was getting near but a good majority joined the Sons of Libertys cause. The strength of publishers and printers behind them the group started to abandon some of its secrecy and started publishing things in newspapers. News was spreading quickly and before anyone realized it there were Sons of Liberty chapters in every colony. The Stamp Act of 1 765 was passed to ease the debt on Britain due to the Sevens Year War.The tax was a tax on all newspapers and documents. The tax did not sit well with the colonies. There was opposition to the tax right from the start. The Sons of Liberty were defiant and started their protests right away. Once they had the public support they could set up rallies and protests. The act was supposed to take effect November 1st 1765. Many publishers and printers shut down when the date was near, however, the publishers and printers with the Sons of Liberty kept running. The goal of the Sons was to stir up the emotions of the masses which they did through newspapers and handouts.The printings were helpful because they could let people know where they were meeting and when. They could set up rallies and protests much easier. The Sons of Liberty were not a violent group but it wasnt something they would shy away from if they wanted to get their point across. For example tar and feathering was known to happen on occasion. They used the power of the masses to get what they wanted. The protests they had, attracted thousands of people. They would march through the streets with an effigy of the stamp agent hanging from a rope or marching on the houses of the agents with subtle threats not to do their jobs.Throughout the colonies this seemed to be working. Many agents resigned or skipped town before the act was to take effect. One of the key events took place in New York where over two thousand people gathered when they found out the stamps Were landing. The Sons sent a letter to the governor and while they were waiting for a response the British on the ship were so scared they left the stamps on the boat fearful to unload them. The governor was steered in the right direction and the stamps never made it to their destination, actually being burned. The Stamp Act never took effect on November 1st and was considered a small victory for the Sons of Liberty and the colonies. Even though they had failed tit the Stamp Act Britain still tried to put legislation into effect against the colonies. Knowing they would have a fight on their hands every step of the way the British would do things differently over the next few years. In 1768 troops were sent into Boston to protect the officials appointed by the king. This did not sit well with the colonists or with the Sons Of Liberty. On March 5, 1 770, depending on what you read, the account of what happened in Boston on that fateful day varies.A British guard standing at his post started to have insults thrown his way. He ignored the person but the louder that person got the more people came and then more soldiers came. Fifty or so people were gathered before you knew it. The soldiers were surrounded. No one knows who fired the shot but when the dust settled and the guns stopped firing, three people were dead and two wounded. Those two would die later of their wounds. The public was outraged, but the governor promised justice. The soldiers were arrested and brought to trial where 6 were acquitted and two found guilty but given suspended sentence and shipped back to Britain. One interesting fact is that Sons of Liberty member John Adams was the defense attorney for the soldiers. His explanation was that he was doing it on principle and was not doing it because he had sympathy for their cause. No one wanted any backlash from Britain accusing the colonies of not giving the British soldiers a fair trial. The fight for independence rallied on as the troops were removed from Boston. As public support continued to grow and colonist unrest continued to rise against Britain, the Sons of Liberty impact grew stronger and their tactics became more daring and inflammatory.Three years after the massacre in Boston another key event would take place to strengthen the fight for independence. The Boston Tea Party, the night was December 16th, 1773. Once again British Parliament was going to try and tax the colonies for tea, so they passed the Tea Act. As you can guess this was met with much resistance and the colonies were not going to accept it. The Sons of Liberty did what they did best. Through newspapers and pamphlets they got peoples attention. Once again Britain was going to try and tax them without any representation in Parliament. No taxation without representation was the battle cry for this cause.People heard about the tax while the ships were en route and when they arrived people were ready. As the Sons did before they flexed their muscle and got tea agents to either quit or resign before the tea even got here. Three colonies turned the boats back and Britain not thinking the colonists would destroy the tea, let the boat bound for Boston head into port. The governor holding his ground wanting the taxes to be collected told the tea agents to not back down. Easy to say when you are not the one on he docks dealing with hundreds of people protesting and threatening you.Research shows of at least two meetings being held on how to deal with the ships in port, the second one being held by Samuel Adams on December 16th. The key point in the meeting came when a note was read that the governor was not backing down and still was holding the ships in port to collect the tax. The meeting broke up shortly after that. Not too long after a group of thirty to one hundred men dressed like Indians stormed the ships and started to unload the tea into the water. Tea that was thrown onto the socks was crushed and kicked into the water.

Legal Methods Essay Example

Legal Methods Essay CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA LEGAL METHODS – 1ST TRIMESTER NOTES – LECTURER FREDA KABATSI Faculty Vision: To train the students in the Faculty of Law to become conscientious and ethical lawyers who have an excellent grounding in legal principles and who will provide leadership in Kenya, East Africa and beyond. OVERVIEW OF LEGAL METHODS * Legal Methods is the study of how law operates in the society and how lawyers, judges and legislative think and do things according to the law. It is commonly referred to a set of techniques used to analyze and apply the law and to determine the appropriate weight that should be accorded to different sources of law. SOURCES OF CLASSIFICATION OF LAW Means the origin from which human conduct comes into existence and derives legal forms. TERMS TO DEFINE AS SOURCES OF LAW 1. Common Law 2. Equity 3. Customary Law 4. Religion 5. Criminal Law 6. Civil Law 7. International Law 1) COMMON LAW (also known as LAW OF PRECEDENTS) * Common La w if a legal system that is largely formed by the decisions previously made by the court and similar tribunals. It is also known as Case Law or Law of Precedents. * It is developed by Judges through decisions of courts. * It binds future decisions. * It is based on the principle that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions. * This principle is known as staredecisis which literally mean â€Å"Let the decision stand†. HISTORY OF COMMON LAW * It is rooted in centuries of English history. * It began to develop after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. * Matters which had previously been handled by tribunal courts began to be handled by the Kings Court. The King’s Court evolved into a branch of professional justices who were royals with training in Canon of Roman Law. * They appeared periodically in all the countries around England. It was this moving that began the process whereby the custom of the King’s Court eventually became th e law of England i. e. The Law Common to All. * The King’s Courts were the only courts in England. In order to bring matters before this court, a special request was made to a Royal official called Chancellor asking him to deliver a writ to the court. If a particular type of action was brought before the Chancellor often enough, the writ would acquire a common form. * The prescribed form of writ for each type of action required strict adherence as did the oral pleadings which were required to follow the form of the writ. * Because of their dissatisfaction with Common Law and its system of writs, the people began to appeal to the King. The petitions were delegated to the Chancellor who established the Court of Chancery also known as The Court of Equity. * The decisions were based on natural justice derived from mutual laws. Overtime the Equity Law of Doctrine applied became additions to legal rules applied by Common Law Courts. The dual system has continued up to present day. * The Common Law of Courts of Chancery are no longer separate courts, they were fused unto one court in the later of the 19th Century but their principles were not fused. * What happens in the Civil Court applies both Common Law and Equity. 2) EQUITY * It was developed after Common Law as a system to resolve disputes where damages were not suitable remedy and to introduce fairness into the legal system. It is based on judicial assessment of fairness as opposed to strict and rigid rules of Common Law. * It allows the court to use the discretion and apply justice in accordance with law. * An example of maxim equity â€Å"He who comes to Equity must come with clean hands†. STATUTE * It is direct source of law. * It consist in the declaration of legal ruler by a competent authority e. g. Parliament. 3) CUSTOM A custom is a rule which in a particular community has from long usage obtained the force of law. It is usually not written and limited in its application. 4) RELIGIOUS We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Methods specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Methods specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Methods specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It implies ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions e. g. Canon Law, Sharia Law etc. 5) CRIMINAL LAW 6) CIVIL LAW 7) INTERNATIONAL LAW *(SECTION 3 OF JUDICATURE ACT) (ARTICLE 2, CONSTITUTION 2010)* CLASSIFICATION 1) PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LAW * Public Law is a theory of law that governs the relationship between the state and an individual. It covers the following categories: -a). Constitution b). Administrative c). Criminal Law * Private Law is that which governs the relationship between individuals. It includes the following: -a). Law of Tort b). Law of Contract c). Family Law ). Intellectual Property Law etc. 2) CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW * Civil Law is a form of Private Law and involves the relationship between individuals. * It is the legal mechanism through which individuals can assert claims against others and have those rights adjudicated and enforced. * The purpose of Civil Law is to settle disputes between individuals and to provide remedies. * Criminal Law is an aspec t of Public Law and relates to the conduct which the state considers with disapproval and which it seeks to eradicate. * The objective is to punish a wrongdoer and to deter other wrongdoers. ) INTERNATIONAL AND MUNICIPAL LAW * International Law is a set of rules that states and other international actors have an obligation to obey in their relation. * Municipal Law is the national domestic or internal law of a sovereign state. JUDICIARY * Judiciary is one of the three arms of government established under Chapter 10 of the Constitution. * It is independent from the government functions and provides a forum for the just resolution of disputes. 1. THE SUPREME COURT – ARTICLE 163 * It is established by Article 163 of the Constitution. It is composed of the Chief Justice who is the president of the Court. * The deputy Chief Justice who deputizes the Chief Justice and is the Vice President of the Court. It has five (5) other Judges. * The Court has exclusive original jurisdiction t o hear and determine disputes relating presidential elections. * It has appellant jurisdiction to hear and determine appeal from: a) The Court of Appeal; b) Other Courts c) Tribunal prescribed by Parliament that relates to the interpretation; d) Application of the Constitution; e) Matters of public concern. * Summary Notes-Chief Justice heads the Court; The Deputy Chief Justice is his deputy and vice president to the court. -Supreme Court deals with presidential petitions (special cases). -It consists of five (5) Judges 2. THE COURT OF APPEAL ARTICLE 164 * It is provided by Article 164 of the Constitution; * The president of the Court of Appeal is elected from among the Judges of the Court; * The Court has jurisdiction and powers to hear and determine appeals from the High Court/Court Tribunal; * The Court of Appeal has not less than twelve (12) Judges 3. THE HIGH COURT – ARTICLE 165, THE PRINCIPLE JUDGE It is provided by Article 165 of the Constitution; * It has original ju risdiction in Civil and Criminal matters; * It also has jurisdiction to determine whether a right in the Bill of Rights has been violated; * It has jurisdiction to hear any particular questions in respect of the Constitution (interpretation). The High Court has the following divisions namely: -i)Criminal Division ii)Family Division iii)Commercial Division iv)Constitution Division v)Judicial Review Division * Summary Notes-Act of Parliament describes the number of Judges; -High Court deals with Criminal and Civil cases; Matters dealing with interpretation; 3 Judges handles or sits at the bench dealing with interpretation 4. MAGISTRATE’S COURT – ARTICLE 169 * The Magistrate’s Court are the sub-ordinate courts provided for under Article 169, 1 a) * They were created under the Magistrate’s Court Act. * They handle Civil and Criminal matter depending on the rank of the Magistrates; * The hierarchy of the Magistrates in descending order includes 1)The Chief Ma gistrate 2)Senior Principle Magistrate 3)Principle Magistrate 4)Senior Resident Magistrate 5)Resident Magistrate 6)District Magistrate . KADHI COURTS AND PERSONAL STATUTES – ARTICLES 169 170 * It is provided for under Article 169, 1 b). * It deals with matters relating to personal status e. g. marriage, inheritance and divorce in which both party’s profess the Muslim Religion and submit to the jurisdiction of Kadhis Court; * The Constitution and jurisdiction of Kadhi’s Court are provided for under Article 170. 6. MARTIAL COURTS * Martial Courts deals with matters pertaining to the Army; * It is provided for under Article 169, 1 c) 7. SPECIAL COURTS/TRIBUNAL ESTABLISHED BY AN ACT OF PA It is provided for under Article 169, 1 b) of the Constitution; * It provides that any other Court or local tribunal as maybe established by an Act of Parliament other than the Courts established are required by Article 162 (sub-section 2); * Tribunals may be established under var ious laws made in parliament to deal with specific matters; * Litigants dissatisfied with a tribunal decision may appeal to the High Court e. g. Land Dispute Tribunal, Rent Restriction Tribunal etc. * In addition to the Courts above mentioned, there are: Children’s Court, Anti-Corruption Courts. THE LEGISLATION PROCESS – THE LAW MAKING PROCESS * Legislation Process refers to a series of steps that a policy must go through in order to become law; * A Bill or Draft Law may emanate/come from a line of ministry/ government department or any other institution mandated with the generation of Bills; * Often, the Kenya Law Reform Commission and the Attorney General works in line with the ministry/state department in the generation of a Bill; * The Draft Bills are then presented by the Attorney General to cabinet for approval. Cabinet if need be makes changes to the draft Bill which is then published/gazette by the Attorney General; * The Bill is then debated by Parliament under three (3) readings. FIRST READING * The Bill is introduced into Parliament/Legislation Body. SECOND READING * Bill is read the second time; * A vote is taken to the general outline of the Bills before it is sent to the designated committee; * Considerations of the Committee between 2nd and 3rd readings. THIRD READING * The Bill is read with all its amendments and given final approval by the legislation body; * The Bill is then handed over to the president for ssent. THE PRESIDENT ASSENT * The president assent to the Bill by signing it; * The Attorney General without delay publishes/gazettes the Bill; * It is after publication that the Bill becomes law. THE PRINCIPLE STARE DECISIS BINDING PRECEDENTS * The reasoning and the decision in preceding cases are not simply considered with respect but are binding on later courts; * This is known as the principle of Stare RationibusDecisis (Stare Decisis) which translates simply as â€Å"Let the Decision Stand†. Stare Decisis applies to legal rule formulated in an earlier case where the rule is a ratio of the case; * Under doctrine of Stare Decisis the decisions of the Higher Court within the same provincial jurisdiction acts a binding authority on a Lower Court within the same jurisdiction; * In his book ‘Learning the Law’ by Glanville William (1973) describes Stare Decisis as follows: what the doctrine of precedents declares is that cases must be decided the same way when the material facts are the same. Obviously, it does not require that all the facts should be came. We know that influx of life all the facts of a case will never recur but the legally material facts may recur and it is with this that the doctrine is concerned; * The doctrine of StareDecisis is related to justice and favour for it would be unjust for two similar individuals in similar circumstances to be treated differently; * The critics of this doctrine such as MR (Master of Rolls) Lord Denning have stated that â€Å"if lawyers held to their precedents too closely forgetful of the fundamental principles of truth and justice which they should serve; they may find the whole edifice come tumbling down upon them; just as scientists seek the truth, so the lawyers should seek for justice. Just as proposition of scientists fails to be modified when shown not to fit on instances, so the principles of the lawyers should be modified when found to be unsuited to the times or when found to work injustice†. * In Summary: StareDecisis, which means â€Å"Let the Decision Stand† was used in Common Law when referring to judgment that were passed in similar cases with material facts. It operates on hierarchy of courts where it only applies within the states jurisdiction. RATIO DECIDENDI – REASON FOR DECIDING * RatioDecidendi is one of the two statements of legal rules in a case, the other one being Obiter Dictum; * RatioDecidendi is the main statement of the law in a case. It is a rule of law expressly or impliedly treated by the Judge as a necessary step in reaching conclusion having regard to the line of reasoning adopted by him/her. * Prof. Goodheart AL (1930) pointed out that the ratio is practical terms inseparable from the material facts. He observed that it is by this choice of material facts that the Judge creates law; * Lord Halsbury (1901) state â€Å"every judgment must be read applicable to the particular facts proved since the generality of the expressions which may be found there and that not intended to be the expositions of the whole law but governed a qualified by the particular facts of the case in which such expressions are to be found; * An example of ratio in case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson (1932) is the principle of the duty of care to those a person can reasonably foresee will be affected by his/her action. * Identifying ratio in a case may be difficult; Judges are under no obligation to label the different part of their judgments as ratio or obiter. Some of the reasons for this difficulty include the length of judgment, the existence of multiple lines of argument, uncertainty regarding which facts are material to the judgment etc; * In Summary:RatioDecidendi means the rationale behind a court’s decision i. e. The Reason. OBITER DICTUM * ObiterDictum is a rule of law stated in a case which is not the basis of the decision. It is therefore not part of the ratiodecidendi; * It is any legal residue left after the ratio has been extracted, it may be for example a rule which has not been deliberated upon by the Court, a hypothetical statement of the law, an observation in the course of an argument or unstated assumption under the rule StareDecisis; * Obiter Dictum is not binding on a later Court but may have a persuasive authority; * In Summary:Obiter Dictum are remarks of judge which are not necessary to reaching a decision, but are made as comments, illustration or thoughts. Courts are not bound by them but lawyers use them as persuasive authority. PERINCURIUM * It is a term referred to when a Judge makes a decision ignoring the law. A Judge in the later Court will say it’s â€Å"perincurium† because the previous judge should have applied the law and makes a different ruling from the previous one. * PerIncurium is a mistake or ignorance of law by a Judge in making a judgment 30th May 2012 THE PRINCIPLE OF STARE DECISIS LET THE DECISION STAND (BINDING PRECEDENTS) * The reasoning and the decision in preceding cases are not simply considered with respect but are binding on later courts; * This is known as the principle of Stare RationibusDecidendi also known as Stare Decisis which translates simply as â€Å"Let the decision stand†; * Stare Decisis applies to a legal rule formulated in an earlier case where the rule is a ratio of the case; * Under the doctrine of Stare Decisis, the decision of the Higher Court within the same provincial jurisdiction ; * In his book Learning the Law, Glenville William [1973] describes Stare Decisis as follows: â€Å"What the doctrine of precedent declares is that cases must be decided the same way when their material facts are the same. Obviously, it does not require that all the facts should be same. We know that influx of life, all the facts of a case will never recur but the legally material facts may recur and it is with this that the doctrine is concerned†. The doctrine of Stare Decisis is related to justice and fairness for it would be unjust for two similar individuals in similar circumstances to be treated differently; * The critics of this doctrine such as Lord Denning MR (Master of Rolls) have stated â€Å"if lawyers held to their precedents too closely forgetful of the fundamental principles of truth and justice which they should serve, they may find the whole edification comes tumbling down upon them just as scientists seeks for truth so the lawyer should seek for justice†; * Just as the proposition of scientific fails to be modified when shown not to fit on instances so the principles of the lawyer should be modified when found to be unsuited to the times or when found to work injustice. RATIO DECIDENDI REASON FOR DECIDING * Ratio Decidendi is one of the two (2) statutes of legal rules in a case, the other being obiter dictum; * Ration Decidendi is the main statement of the law in a case. It is a rule of law expressly or impliedly treated by the judge as a necessary step in reaching conclusion having regard to the line of reasoning adopted by him/her; * Prof. Goodheart AL [1930] has pointed out that the ratio practical terms are inseparable from the material facts. He observes that it is by this choice of material facts that the judge creates law; * Lord Halsbury [1901] states â€Å"every judgment must be read applicable to the particular facts proved, since the generality of the expressions which may *be* formed there and not intended to be the expositions of the whole law but governed, and are qualified by the particular fasts of the case in which such expressions are to be found; * An example of ratio in Donoghue vs. Stevenson [1932] is the principle of the duty of care to those a person can reasonably foresee will be affected by his or her action. Identifying a ratio in a case may be difficult. Judges are under no obligation to label the different parts of their judgment as ratio or obiter. Some of the reasons for this difficult include the length of judgments, the existence of multiple lines of argument, uncertainty regarding which facts are materials to the judgment. OBITER DICTUM * Obiter Dictum is a rule of law stated in a case which is not the basis of the decision. It is therefore not part of the ratio decidendi. It is any legal residue left offer the ratio has been extracted. It may be for example a rule which has not been deliberated upon by the court, a hypothetical statement of law, an observation in the course of an argument or unstated assumption under the rule of Stare Decisis, Obiter is not binding on a later court but may have persuasive authority. 6th June 2012 STATUTORY INTERPRETATION * Traditional analysis of rules and principles of Statutory Interpretation are important. They are part of the explanation for how statutes are interpreted by lawyers and judges. LITERAL RULE * If the words of an Act are so inflexible that they are incapable of having but one meaning then the court must apply that meaning. This Rule prescribe the plain, ordinary, grammatical, natural meaning of the words in a statute: R vs. Judge of the City of London (1892) It was held that is the words of an Act are clear then, you must follow them though they may lead to manifest absurdity. This approach has some problems. * The first is that courts rarely if ever interpret words in statutes instead they give meaning to phrases, sentences and section of statutes; * The second is that the Literal Meaning is never literal meaning, it is at the end of the day an interpretative meaning a section has to be consciously or unconsciously to prefer one of the several possible literal meaning; * An advantage however is that it encourages the precision in drafting of statutes GOLDEN RULE * Given the limitation of the Literal Rule, the judiciary started considering other principles of statutory interpretation: River Wear Commissioner vs. Adamson (1977) Lord Blackburn attributed the Golden Rule to Lord Wensleydale and stated â€Å"we are to take the whole statutes together and construe it all together giving the words their ordinary signification unless when applied, they produce an inconsistency or an absurdity so great as to convince the court that the intention could have been to use them in their ordinary signification and to justify the court in putting them in some other signification which though less proper in one which the court thinks the words will bear. * Therefore if the use of the Literal Rule would lead to an absurdity or repugnant result then the Golden Rule may be used; In Grey vs. Pearson (1857) Lord Wensleydale stated â€Å"the ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to unless it would lead into an absurdity when the ordinary sense maybe modified to avoid the absurdity but no further†. In R vs. Sigsworth (1935) A statute provided for the distribution of an estate of an intestate among the next of kin, a mad murdered his mother. The court applied the principle of public policy which prevents a murderer from reaping from his crime and decided that such a case, a person would not benefit from the statute. * The thrust of the Golden Rule is to consider an interpretation of a statute in light of its effect. MISCHIEF RULE * It the oldest rule It was established in Heydon’s case (1584). The Barons of the court laid down four (4) principles that are to be considered: 1) What was the Common Law before the making of the Act; 2) What was the mischief and defect for which the Common Law did not provide; 3) What remedy the parliament hath resolved and appointed to cu re the disease of the Common Law; 4) The true reason of the remedy and then the office of the judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief and advance the remedy and suppress subtle inventions and to force and breath life to cure and remedy according to the true intent of the makers of the Act The Mischief Rule goes further than the Golden Rule or Literal Approach it allows for a much broader investigations into the position of the statute in relation to the law taken as a whole; * It gives the court more latitudes in their construction of the statute. The courts attention is focused more on the purpose of the statute and the intention of legislation: In Smith vs. Hughes (1960) The Defendants were prostitutes who had been charged under the Street Offence Act (1959) which made it an offence to solicit in a public place. The prostitutes were soliciting from private premises in windows and balconies where they could been seen by the public. The court appli ed the Mischief Rule in holding that the activities of the prostitutes were within the Mischief of the Street Offence Act. RULES OF LANGUAGE EJUSDEM GENERIS Where there is a list of words followed by general words then the general words are limited to the same kind of article as the specific words of the same kind. A word will take its meaning from the foregoing word; Powell vs. Kenton Park Race Course (1899) AC 143 The House of Lords had to decide whether section 1 of the Betting Act of 1853 which prohibited the keeping of a house office, room or other places for the purpose of Betting applied to an outdoor ring. The court said it did not because all the specific places mentioned were indoors. However, the court stated that if the word â€Å"other place† had been followed by words like whatsoever this rule would not apply THE EXPRESSIOUNIUSEXCLUSIOATERIUS – THE EXPRESS WORD RULE The mention of one thing excludes the other where there is a list of specific words but no general words then, it must be on the list for the Act to apply; Tempest vs. Kilner A fraud statute provided that for a contract over ? 10 for the sale of ‘Goods, Wares, and Merchandise’. The contract had to be in writing. The contract in question was for the sale of stocks and shares. The court held that this contract needs to be in writing because it was not for the goods wares and merchandise. In Dean vs. Wiesengrand (1955) The Court of Appeal held that unless there are clear words to take away a right from the tenants heirs such a right must pass on to them in death. The facts of the case were as follows, after the death of a tenant of a rent controlled flat who paid to the Defendant landlord as rent a sum in excess The executors of the estate claimed to recover the excess rent. His action was dismissed on grounds that the increase of Rent and Mortgage Act while giving the tenant the right to recover the excess rent restricted that right to the tenant and that right was destroyed by the death of the tenant. NOSCITUA A SOCIIS * A word is known by the company it keeps if the meaning of the word in unclear, it will be determined on the basis of the other words surrounding it; In Inland Commissioner vs. Frere (1965) The issue was the correct meaning of the word interest, the words of the section read â€Å"Interest, Annuities or other Annual Interest†. The court held that the word interest on its own could have meant daily, monthly or annually interest but because of the presence of the words â€Å"other interest† in the same section interest only annual interest†¦. PRESUMPTIONS * Presumptions are made by certain assumption made by courts. They are used only as starting point if they are disapproved then the presumption is reverted. Examples of presumptions are: 1) Legislation does not apply retrospective; 2) Men rea is required in criminal case; 3) A statute will not change Common Law etc. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC AIDS * An Intrinsic Aid is one that is from the inside of the Act of Parliament which makes it clear for one to interpret a statute. They include: 1) The long title of the Act 2) A short title 3) Preamble ) Section heading and marginal notes * An Extrinsic Aid is one from outside the Acts of Parliament. They include: 1) Dictionary 2) Previous Acts on the same topic of Acts in PariMateria 3) Earlier case law 4) Hansards 5) Official Report from law provision 4th July 2012 LOGIC AND LEGAL REASONING * The dictionary defines logic as the science of reasoning, thinking proves or inference. It is an accurate form of reasoning, its roots is the Greek word logos which means reasons. There are two (2) main types of logic: 1) Deductive Logic, and 2) Inductive Logic And in addition a third time known as abductive logic DEDUCTIVE LOGIC ALSO ARGUMENT OR REASONING Deductive reasoning begins with the assertion of a general rule and precedes from there to guarantee conclusion which may be a general or a particular conclusion; * A conclusion obtained through the deductive reasoning is certain mathematics is based in deductive reasoning. A deductive statement is always true because it is true by definition. INDUCTIVE LOGIC * This involves arguments that put forward some general proportion or conclusion from facts that seem to provide some evidence for general proposition or group of proposition. This i s perhaps the closest to the everyday legal argument when decisions are made concerning which side of a dispute is accorded the privilege of their story in terms of law authority to provide declaration of right sanction or compensation. * Inductive Reasoning is similar to Deductive Reasoning in so far as the conclusions are based on premises. However in Inductive Reasoning the conclusion reached extends beyond the facts in the premises. The premise supports the conclusion and makes it probable therefore there is less certainty and it is possible that other conclusions exist; * Subdivision of Inductive Reasoning is reasoning by analogy these being the method best known to the English Legal System. The difference between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning is that Deductive Reasoning is that Deductive Reasoning is a closed system of reasoning from general to general and to particular. It is therefore analytical whereas Inductive Reasoning is an open particular case in conclusion which suggests the end process is in conclusive. ARGUMENT ANALOGY This is the most common form of argument in law the English word analogy is derived from the Greek word â€Å"analogia† meaning a quality of ratio or proportion in English analogy means similarity or resemblance; * Analogy treats cases as like where they have material resemblance , such an argument begins stating that two (2) objects are observed to be similar by a number of attributes. It is then concluded that the two (2) objects are similar with respect to a third. The strength of such an argument will depend on the degrees of the relationship. VALIDITY * Validity is a structural or formal feature of an argument. It has nothing to do with the actual truth falsity of the argument premises. A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows conclusively from the premises

The eNotes Blog How to Write a Character Comparison in 8Steps

How to Write a Character Comparison in 8Steps Sometimes two characters are clearly alike, while other times it’s not as obvious. In order to write a successful character comparison, you must move beyond a description of the characters and analyze how they relate to each other. You should examine both characters’ individual roles in their respective literary works to understand how they contribute to the overall meaning of the text. Let’s take a look at eight steps for writing a character comparison.    1. Choose two characters The first step to writing a character comparison is to determine two characters you want to compare. Before you start comparing, revisit parts of the text where each character appears. Take note of the various character descriptions throughout the text and become familiar with the role of each character. A few popular choices for writing character comparisons: Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov, Crime and Punishment†¨ Hamlet and Laertes, Hamlet†¨ Lucy Manette and Madame Defarge, A Tale of Two Cities†¨ Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker, The Great Gatsby†¨ 2. Establish a purpose for comparison Why are you comparing these two specific characters? Are you comparing to find meaningful similarities and differences or is it to demonstrate your understanding of the work as a whole? By establishing a purpose, you’re laying the foundation for your comparison and can refer back to it when you start to analyze each character. Several reasons for comparing two characters: Compare how each character’s actions and attributes affect the plot Major similarities or differences in character can show what themes the author wants to emphasize Explain how the relationship between the characters provides deeper understanding of the themes 3. Describe the characters This is a good time to refer to any earlier notes you’ve taken about specific characters in the text: physical descriptions, style of dialogue, narrative elements, etc. It may be helpful to create a two column chart where you can list the traits of each character and cross reference your findings. Remember to always cite direct textual evidence! Important points to consider: Physical descriptions Actions Speech Beliefs / Values Descriptions by narrator and other characters 4. Identify similarities and differences Although the assignment may say â€Å"compare,† the assumption is that you will compare and contrast- consider both the similarities and differences. Once you’ve determined the traits of each character, identify the similarities and differences between them. Focus on the overarching personal qualities or nature of the two characters rather than describing their physical features. For example, if youre writing about Pride and Prejudice, dont write something like, Darcy is a man, and Elizabeth is a woman. Instead, write something like this: Despite the fact that Darcy is a man and rich and Elizabeth is a woman and relatively poor, they share the following characteristics: ____. And then finish by supplying striking examples in a way that explains the novel for your readers. 5. Formulate a thesis Your thesis statement should reflect your purpose for comparing two characters and incorporate the effects their similarities and differences have on your essay. Refer back to your purpose for comparing characters as well as your list of similarities and differences in order to formulate the main claim you’re making in the essay. For example: Though both members of the same social circles, Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker reveal the freedoms and restrictions imposed on women in The Great Gatsby. Though both receive prophecies from the witches. Macbeth and Banquo react differently to the news, illustrating through contrast the corrupting effects of power and pride. 6. Form a conclusion Fill in the blanks of the following statements: I am comparing these two characters in order to show ____ about the work. These characters share the following characteristics: ___. These characters differ in the following ways: ____. These similarities and differences relate to the essential meaning of the work because ____. Once you’re able to complete these statements, refer back to your thesis for your character comparison. Have you gathered enough information to make an accurate comparison between the two characters? Have you demonstrated your understanding of the work as a whole? For example, If youre writing about Shakespeares Hamlet and you compare Marcellus and Gertrude, youve pretty much demonstrated you don’t understand the play well, because theres little meaningful connection between the two. On the other hand, if you compare Ophelia and Hamlet, as two adults following their respective fathers advice to their deaths, youve demonstrated superior comprehension. 7. Structure your comparison Consider how you will compare the characters. Broadly speaking, there are two general ways to structure your comparison: You can write about both characters in each paragraph (paragraph 2: As appearance, Bs appearance; paragraph 3: As motivation, Bs motivation, etc). You can write all about A, then all about B, and relate both characters to each other in a following paragraph. No matter which structure you choose, remember why youre comparing these two characters. You must always make a larger argument about the meaning of the similarities and differences, and you must always support those arguments with specific examples from the work. 8. Write Once you’ve outlined the structure of your character comparison, you’re finally ready to write! Make sure that all of the information in your essay is accurate and can be supported by the text. Once you’ve finished writing, it’s always a good idea to proofread your work and make revisions if necessary. For more how-to lessons, visit How To Series.

Communication of corporate social responsibility Annotated Bibliography

Communication of corporate social responsibility - Annotated Bibliography Example Becker-Olsen, K., Taylor, C., Hill, R.P., and Yalcinkaya, G. (2011). A cross-cultural examination of corporate social responsibility marketing communications in Mexico and the United States: strategies for global brands. Journal of International Marketing, 19 (2), 30-44. The study highlighted the impact of corporate social responsibility communications on the perceptions of organizations along with their brands among consumers in two distinct cultures. It was primarily assumed that the global brand positioning theory is widely applicable, explaining that consumers’ perceptions can be improved if the brand is considered as global. On the whole, CSR communication can bring about positive outcomes for firms; multinational companies that highlight global CSR initiatives and efforts can bring about favorable perceptions among the public. Nonetheless, there is still a great need to consider the significance of certain needs based on local values and experiences. Bhattacharya, C., and Sen, S. (2004). Doing better at doing good: when, why, and how consumers respond to corporate social initiatives. California Management Review, 47 (1), 9-25. As the paper highlighted the impact of corporate social responsibility communication on the public, findings showed that consumers are more sensitive and demonstrate greater reactions towards negative CSR information compared to positive CSR information.... Through the use of content analysis methodology, it was found out that although Spanish companies associated CSR with great importance, usage of websites as a means of communication was not entirely effective. Information was limited regarding the concept of CSR as well the companies’ engagement with environmental and social initiatives, thus the need to further look into the type, quality, and quantity of CSR information that should be communicated through websites. Chaudri, V., and Wang, J. (2007). Communicating corporate social responsibility on the internet: a case study of the top 100 information technology companies in India. Management Communication Quarterly, 21 (2), 232-247. The paper looked into the communication of CSR carried out by the top 100 Information Technology (IT) organizations in India in relation to their use of websites. Specifically, the study examined the importance of communication, scope of information, and presentation style. Findings showed that th ere are only a small number of companies that integrate CSR information in their websites. Moreover, many of these companies do not utilize their websites with regards to the style and amount of CSR communication. Although CSR communication is not necessarily absent in IT companies in India, findings demonstrated there is inadequate CSR communication. David, P., Kline, S., and Dai, Y. (2005). Corporate social responsibility practices, corporate identity, and purchase intention: a dual-process model. The literature review of the study emphasized the importance of communication as a means of promoting the program as well as its performance to stakeholders. It was also asserted that initiatives for CSR communication can affect